Apparatus and method for measuring optical characteristics of an object

ABSTRACT

Color/optical characteristics measuring systems and methods are disclosed. Perimeter receiver fiber optics/elements are spaced apart from a central source fiber optic/element and received light reflected from the surface of the object is measured. Light from the perimeter fiber optics pass to a variety of filters. The system utilizes the perimeter receiver fiber optics to determine information regarding the height and angle of the probe with respect to the object being measured. Under processor control, the color measurement may be made at a predetermined height and angle. Various color spectral photometer arrangements are disclosed. Translucency, fluorescence and/or surface texture data also may be obtained. Audio feedback may be provided to guide operator use of the system. The probe may have a removable or shielded tip for contamination prevention.

This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/235,969, filedSep. 26, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,110,096, which is a continuation ofU.S. application Ser. No. 10/407,623, filed Apr. 4, 2003, now U.S. Pat.No. 6,950,189, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.10/134,087, filed Apr. 25, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,654, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/968,302, filed Oct. 1,2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,017, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 09/586,539, filed May 31, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No.6,301,004, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.09/091,208, filed Jun. 8, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,223,047 which was theNational Stage of International Application No. PCT/US97/00126 filedJan. 2, 1997.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to devices and methods for measuringoptical characteristics such as color of objects, and more particularlyto devices and methods for measuring the color and other opticalcharacteristics of teeth, fabric or other objects or surfaces with ahand-held probe that presents minimal problems with height or angulardependencies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various color/optical measuring devices such as spectrophotometers andcalorimeters are known in the art. To understand the limitations of suchconventional devices, it is helpful to understand certain principlesrelating to color. Without being bound by theory, Applicants provide thefollowing discussion.

The color of an object determines the manner in which light is reflectedfrom the surface of the object. When light is incident upon an object,the reflected light will vary in intensity and wavelength dependent uponthe color of the surface of the object. Thus, a red object will reflectred light with a greater intensity than a blue or a green object, andcorrespondingly a green object will reflect green light with a greaterintensity than a red or blue object.

One method of quantifying the color of an object is to illuminate itwith broad band spectrum or “white” light, and measure the spectralproperties of the reflected light over the entire visible spectrum andcompare the reflected spectrum with the incident light spectrum. Suchinstruments typically require a broad band spectrophotometer, whichgenerally are expensive, bulky and relatively cumbersome to operate,thereby limiting the practical application of such instruments.

For certain applications, the broad band data provided by aspectrophotometer is unnecessary. For such applications, devices havebeen produced or proposed that quantify color in terms of a numericalvalue or relatively small set of values representative of the color ofthe object.

It is known that the color of an object can be represented by threevalues. For example, the color of an object can be represented by red,green and blue values, an intensity value and color difference values,by a CIE value, or by what are known as “tristimulus values” or numerousother orthogonal combinations. It is important that the three values beorthogonal; i.e., any combination of two elements in the set cannot beincluded in the third element.

One such method of quantifying the color of an object is to illuminatean object with broad band “white” light and measure the intensity of thereflected light after it has been passed through narrow band filters.Typically three filters (such as red, green and blue) are used toprovide tristimulus light values representative of the color of thesurface. Yet another method is to illuminate an object with threemonochromatic light sources (such as red, green and blue) one at a timeand then measure the intensity of the reflected light with a singlelight sensor. The three measurements are then converted to a tristimulusvalue representative of the color of the surface. Such color measurementtechniques can be utilized to produce equivalent tristimulus valuesrepresentative of the color of the surface. Generally, it does notmatter if a “white” light source is used with a plurality of colorsensors (or a continuum in the case of a spectrophotometer), or if aplurality of colored light sources are utilized with a single lightsensor.

There are, however, difficulties with the conventional techniques. Whenlight is incident upon a surface and reflected to a light receiver, theheight of the light sensor and the angle of the sensor relative to thesurface and to the light source also affect the intensity of thereceived light. Since the color determination is being made by measuringand quantifying the intensity of the received light for differentcolors, it is important that the height and angular dependency of thelight receiver be eliminated or accounted for in some manner.

One method for eliminating the height and angular dependency of thelight source and receiver is to provide a fixed mounting arrangementwhere the light source and receiver are stationary and the object isalways positioned and measured at a preset height and angle. The fixedmounting arrangement greatly limits the applicability of such a method.Another method is to add mounting feet to the light source and receiverprobe and to touch the object with the probe to maintain a constantheight and angle. The feet in such an apparatus must be wide enoughapart to insure that a constant angle (usually perpendicular) ismaintained relative to the object. Such an apparatus tends to be verydifficult to utilize on small objects or on objects that are hard toreach, and in general does not work satisfactorily in measuring objectswith curved surfaces.

The use of color measuring devices in the field of dentistry has beenproposed. In modern dentistry, the color of teeth typically arequantified by manually comparing a patient's teeth with a set of “shadeguides.” There are numerous shade guides available for dentists in orderto properly select the desired color of dental prosthesis. Such shadeguides have been utilized for decades and the color determination ismade subjectively by the dentist by holding a set of shade guides nextto a patient's teeth and attempting to find the best match.Unfortunately, however, the best match often is affected by the ambientlight color in the dental operatory and the surrounding color of thepatient's makeup or clothing and by the fatigue level of the dentist.

Similar subjective color quantification also is made in the paintindustry by comparing the color of an object with a paint referenceguide. There are numerous paint guides available in the industry and thecolor determination also often is affected by ambient light color, userfatigue and the color sensitivity of the user. Many individuals arecolor insensitive (color blind) to certain colors, further complicatingcolor determination.

In general, color quantification is needed in many industries. Several,but certainly not all, applications include: dentistry (color of teeth);dermatology (color of skin lesions); interior decorating (color ofpaint, fabrics); the textile industry; automotive repair (matching paintcolors); photography (color of reproductions, color reference ofphotographs to the object being photographed); printing and lithography;cosmetics (hair and skin color, makeup matching); and other applicationsin which it useful to measure color in an expedient and reliable manner.

With respect to such applications, however, the limitations ofconventional color/optical measuring techniques typically restrict theutility of such techniques. For example, the high cost and bulkiness oftypical broad band spectrometers, and the fixed mounting arrangements orfeet required to address the height and angular dependency, often limitthe applicability of such conventional techniques.

Moreover, another limitation of such conventional methods and devicesare that the resolution of the height and angular dependency problemstypically require contact with the object being measured. In certainapplications, it may be desirable to measure and quantify the color ofan object with a small probe that does not require contact with thesurface of the object. In certain applications, for example, hygienicconsiderations make such contact undesirable. In the other applicationssuch as interior decorating, contact with the object can mar the surface(such as if the object is coated with wet paint) or otherwise causeundesirable effects.

In summary, there is a need for a low cost, hand-held probe of smallsize that can reliably measure and quantify the color and other opticalcharacteristics of an object without requiring physical contact with theobject, and also a need for methods based on such a device in the fieldof dentistry and other applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, devices and methods areprovided for measuring the color and other optical characteristics ofobjects, reliably and with minimal problems of height and angulardependence. A handheld probe is utilized in the present invention, withthe handheld probe containing a number of fiber optics in certainpreferred embodiments. Light is directed from one (or more) lightsource(s) towards the object to be measured, which in certain preferredembodiments is a central light source fiber optic (other light sourcesand light source arrangements also may be utilized). Light reflectedfrom the object is detected by a number of light receivers. Included inthe light receivers (which may be light receiver fiber optics) are aplurality of perimeter receivers (which may be receiver fiber optics,etc.). In certain preferred embodiments, three perimeter fiber opticsare utilized in order to take measurements at a desired, andpredetermined height and angle, thereby minimizing height and angulardependency problems found in conventional methods. In certainembodiments, the present invention also may measure translucence andfluorescence characteristics of the object being measured, as well assurface texture and/or other optical or surface characteristics.

The present invention may include constituent elements of a broad bandspectrophotometer, or, alternatively, may include constituent elementsof a tristimulus type calorimeter. The present invention may employ avariety of color measuring devices in order to measure color in apractical, reliable and efficient manner, and in certain preferredembodiments includes a color filter array and a plurality of colorsensors. A microprocessor is included for control and calculationpurposes. A temperature sensor is included to measure temperature inorder to detect abnormal conditions and/or to compensate for temperatureeffects of the filters or other components of the system. In addition,the present invention may include audio feedback to guide the operatorin making color/optical measurements, as well as one or more displaydevices for displaying control, status or other information.

With the present invention, color/optical measurements may be made witha handheld probe in a practical and reliable manner, essentially free ofheight and angular dependency problems, without resorting to fixtures,feet or other undesirable mechanical arrangements for fixing the heightand angle of the probe with respect to the object.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to addresslimitations of conventional color/optical measuring techniques.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method anddevice useful in measuring the color or other optical characteristics ofteeth, fabric or other objects or surfaces with a hand-held probe ofpractical size that does not require contact with the object or surface.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide acolor/optical measurement probe and method that does not require fixedposition mechanical mounting, feet or other mechanical impediments.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a probe andmethod useful for measuring color or other optical characteristics thatmay be utilized with a probe simply placed near the surface to bemeasured.

It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a probeand method that are capable of determining translucency characteristicsof the object being measured.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a probe andmethod that are capable of determining surface texture characteristicsof the object being measured.

It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a probeand method that are capable of determining fluorescence characteristicsof the object being measured.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a probe and methodthat can measure the area of a small spot singulary, or that also canmeasure irregular shapes by moving the probe over an area andintegrating the color of the entire area.

It also is an object of the present invention to provide probes andmethods for measuring optical characteristics with a probe that is heldsubstantially stationary with respect to the object being measured.

Finally, it is an object of the present invention to provide probes andmethods for measuring optical characteristics with a probe that may havea removable tip or shield that may be removed for cleaning, disposedafter use or the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention may be more fully understood by a description ofcertain preferred embodiments in conjunction with the attached drawingsin which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a cross section of a probe inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement of fiber optic receiversand sensors utilized with a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 4A to 4C illustrate certain geometric considerations of fiberoptics;

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the light amplitude received by fiber opticlight receivers as a function of height from an object;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a color measuring method inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate a protective cap that may be used withcertain embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate removable probe tips that may be used withcertain embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates a fiber optic bundle in accordance with anotherpreferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D illustrate and describe other fiber opticbundle configurations that may be used in accordance with yet otherpreferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates a linear optical sensor array that may be used incertain embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates a matrix optical sensor array that may be used incertain embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate certain optical properties of a filterarray that may be used in certain embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate examples of received light intensities ofreceivers used in certain embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating audio tones that may be used incertain preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention, whichutilizes a plurality of rings of light receivers that may be utilized totake measurements with the probe held substantially stationary withrespect to the object being measured;

FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate an embodiment of the present invention, whichutilizes a mechanical movement and also may be utilized to takemeasurements with the probe held substantially stationary with respectto the object being measured; and

FIGS. 19A to 19C illustrate embodiments of the present invention inwhich coherent light conduits may serve as removable probe tips.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention will be described in greater detail with referenceto certain preferred embodiments. As described elsewhere herein, variousrefinements and substitutions of the various embodiments are possiblebased on the principles and teachings herein.

With reference to FIG. 1, an exemplary preferred embodiment of acolor/optical characteristic measuring system and method in accordancewith the present invention will be described.

Probe tip 1 encloses a plurality of fiber optics, each of which mayconstitute one or more fiber optic fibers. In a preferred embodiment,the fiber optics contained within probe tip 1 includes a single lightsource fiber optic and three light receiver fiber optics. The use ofsuch fiber optics to measure the color or other optical characteristicsof an object will be described later herein. Probe tip 1 is attached toprobe body 2, on which is fixed switch 17. Switch 17 communicates withmicroprocessor 10 through wire 18 and provides, for example, a mechanismby which an operator may activate the device in order to make acolor/optical measurement. Fiber optics within probe tip 1 terminate atthe forward end thereof (i.e., the end away from probe body 2). Theforward end of probe tip 1 is directed towards the surface of the objectto be measured as described more fully below. The fiber optics withinprobe tip 1 optically extend through probe body 2 and through fiberoptic cable 3 to light sensors 8, which are coupled to microprocessor10.

It should be noted that microprocessor 10 includes conventionalassociated components, such as memory (programmable memory, such asPROM, EPROM or EEPROM; working memory such as DRAMs or SRAMs; and/orother types of memory such as non-volatile memory, such as FLASH),peripheral circuits, clocks and power supplies, although for claritysuch components are not explicitly shown. Other types of computingdevices (such as other microprocessor systems, programmable logic arraysor the like) are used in other embodiments of the present invention.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the fiber optics from fiber optic cable 3end at splicing connector 4. From splicing connector 4, each of thethree receiver fiber optics used in this embodiment is spliced into atleast five smaller fiber optics (generally denoted as fibers 7), whichin this embodiment are fibers of equal diameter, but which in otherembodiments may be of unequal diameter (such as a larger or smaller“height/angle” or perimeter fiber, as more fully described herein). Oneof the fibers of each group of five fibers passes to light sensors 8through a neutral density filter (as more fully described with referenceto FIG. 3), and collectively such neutrally filtered fibers are utilizedfor purposes of height/angle determination (and also may be utilized tomeasure surface characteristics, as more fully described herein). Fourof the remaining fibers of each group of fibers passes to light sensors8 through color filters and are used to make the color/opticalmeasurement. In still other embodiments, splicing connector 4 is notused, and fiber bundles of, for example, five or more fibers each extendfrom light sensors 8 to the forward end of probe tip 1. In certainembodiments, unused fibers or other materials may be included as part ofa bundle of fibers for purposes of, for example, easing themanufacturing process for the fiber bundle. What should be noted isthat, for purposes of the present invention, a plurality of lightreceiver fiber optics or elements (such as fibers 7) are presented tolight sensors 8, with the light from the light receiver fiberoptics/elements representing light reflected from object 20. While thevarious embodiments described herein present tradeoffs and benefits thatmay not have been apparent prior to the present invention (and thus maybe independently novel), what is important for the present discussion isthat light from fiber optics/elements at the forward end of probe tip 1is presented to sensors 8 for color/optical measurements andangle/height determination, etc.

Light source 11 in the preferred embodiment is a halogen light source(of, for example, 5-100 watts, with the particular wattage chosen forthe particular application), which may be under the control ofmicroprocessor 10. The light from light source 11 reflects from coldmirror 6 and into source fiber optic 5. Source fiber optic 5 passesthrough to the forward end of probe tip 1 and provides the lightstimulus used for purposes of making the measurements described herein.Cold mirror 6 reflects visible light and passes infra-red light, and isused to reduce the amount of infra-red light produced by light source 11before the light is introduced into source fiber optic 5. Such infra-redlight reduction of the light from a halogen source such as light source11 can help prevent saturation of the receiving light sensors, which canreduce overall system sensitivity. Fiber 15 receives light directly fromlight source 11 and passes through to light sensors 8 (which may bethrough a neutral density filter). Microprocessor 10 monitors the lightoutput of light source 11 through fiber 15, and thus may monitor and, ifnecessary compensate for, drift of the output of light source 11. Incertain embodiments, microprocessor 10 also may sound an alarm (such asthrough speaker 16) or otherwise provide some indication if abnormal orother undesired performance of light source 11 is detected.

The data output from light sensors 8 pass to microprocessor 10.Microprocessor 10 processes the data from light sensors 8 to produce ameasurement of color and/or other characteristics. Microprocessor 10also is coupled to key pad switches 12, which serve as an input device.Through key pad switches 12, the operator may input control informationor commands, or information relating to the object being measured or thelike. In general, key pad switches 12, or other suitable data inputdevices (such as push button, toggle, membrane or other switches or thelike), serve as a mechanism to input desired information tomicroprocessor 10.

Microprocessor 10 also communicates with UART 13, which enablesmicroprocessor 10 to be coupled to an external device such as computer13A. In such embodiments, data provided by microprocessor 10 may beprocessed as desired for the particular application, such as foraveraging, format conversion or for various display or print options,etc. In the preferred embodiment, UART 13 is configured so as to providewhat is known as a RS232 interface, such as is commonly found inpersonal computers.

Microprocessor 10 also communicates with LCD 14 for purposes ofdisplaying status, control or other information as desired for theparticular application. For example, color bars, charts or other graphicrepresentations of the color or other collected data and/or the measuredobject or tooth may be displayed. In other embodiments, other displaydevices are used, such as CRTs, matrix-type LEDs, lights or othermechanisms for producing a visible indicia of system status or the like.Upon system initialization, for example, LCD 14 may provide anindication that the system is stable, ready and available for takingcolor measurements.

Also coupled to microprocessor 10 is speaker 16. Speaker 16, in apreferred embodiment as discussed more fully below, serves to provideaudio feedback to the operator, which may serve to guide the operator inthe use of the device. Speaker 16 also may serve to provide status orother information alerting the operator of the condition of the system,including an audio tone, beeps or other audible indication (i.e., voice)that the system is initialized and available for taking measurements.Speaker.16 also may present audio information indicative of the measureddata, shade guide or reference values corresponding to the measureddata, or an indication of the status of the color/optical measurements.

Microprocessor 10 also receives an input from temperature sensor 9.Given that many types of filters (and perhaps light sources or othercomponents) may operate reliably only in a given temperature range,temperature sensor 9 serves to provide temperature information tomicroprocessor 10. In particular, color filters, such as may be includedin light sensors 8, may be sensitive to temperature, and may operatereliably only over a certain temperature range. In certain embodiments,if the temperature is within a usable range, microprocessor 10 maycompensate for temperature variations of the color filters. In suchembodiments, the color filters are characterized as to filteringcharacteristics as function of temperature, either by data provided bythe filter manufacturer, or through measurement as a function oftemperature. Such filter temperature compensation data may be stored inthe form of a look-up table in memory, or may be stored as a set ofpolynomial coefficients from which the temperature characteristics ofthe filters may be computed by microprocessor 10.

In general, under control of microprocessor 10, which may be in responseto operator activation (through, for example, key pad switches 12 orswitch 17), light is directed from light source 11, and reflected fromcold mirror 6 through source fiber optic 5 (and through fiber opticcable 3, probe body 2 and probe tip 1, or through some other suitablelight source element) and is directed onto object 20. Light reflectedfrom object 20 passes through the receiver fiber optics/elements inprobe tip 1 to light sensors 8 (through probe body 2, fiber optic cable3 and fibers 7). Based on the information produced by light sensors 8,microprocessor 10 produces a color/optical measurement result or otherinformation to the operator. Color measurement or other data produced bymicroprocessor 10 may be displayed on display 14, passed through UART 13to computer 13A, or used to generate audio information that is presentedto speaker 16. Other operational aspects of the preferred embodimentillustrated in FIG. 1 will be explained hereinafter.

With reference to FIG. 2, a preferred embodiment of a fiber opticarrangement presented at the forward end of probe tip 1 will now bedescribed. As illustrated in FIG. 2, a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention utilizes a single central light source fiber optic,denoted as light source fiber optic S, and a plurality of perimeterlight receiver fiber optics, denoted as light receivers R1, R2 and R3.As is illustrated, a preferred embodiment of the present inventionutilizes three perimeter fiber optics, although in other embodimentstwo, four or some other number of receiver fiber optics are utilized. Asmore fully described herein, the perimeter light receiver fiber opticsserve not only to provide reflected light for purposes of making thecolor/optical measurement, but such perimeter fibers also serve toprovide information regarding the angle and height of probe tip 1 withrespect to the surface of the object that is being measured, and alsomay provide information regarding the surface characteristics of theobject that is being measured.

In the illustrated preferred embodiment, receiver fiber optics R1 to R3are positioned symmetrically around source fiber optic S, with a spacingof about 120 degrees from each other. It should be noted that spacing tis provided between receiver fiber optics R1 to R3 and source fiberoptic S. While the precise angular placement of the receiver fiberoptics around the perimeter of the fiber bundle in general is notcritical, it has been determined that three receiver fiber opticspositioned 120 degrees apart generally may give acceptable results. Asdiscussed above, in certain embodiments light receiver fiber optics R1to R3 each constitute a single fiber, which is divided at splicingconnector 4 (refer again to FIG. 1), or, in alternate embodiments, lightreceiver fiber optics R1 to R3 each constitute a bundle of fibers,numbering, for example, at least five fibers per bundle. It has beendetermined that, with available fibers of uniform size, a bundle of, forexample, seven fibers may be readily produced (although as will beapparent to one of skill in the art, the precise number of fibers may bedetermined in view of the desired number of receiver fiber optics,manufacturing considerations, etc.). The use of light receiver fiberoptics R1 to R3 to produce color/optical measurements in accordance withthe present invention is further described elsewhere herein, although itmay be noted here that receiver fiber optics R1 to R3 may serve todetect whether, for example, the angle of probe tip 1 with respect tothe surface of the object being measured is at 90 degrees, or if thesurface of the object being measured contains surface texture and/orspectral irregularities. In the case where probe tip 1 is perpendicularto the surface of the object being measured and the surface of theobject being measured is a diffuse reflector (i.e., a matte-typereflector, as compared to a spectral or shiny-type reflector which mayhave “hot spots”), then the light intensity input into the perimeterfibers should be approximately equal. It also should be noted thatspacing t serves to adjust the optimal height at which color/opticalmeasurements should be made (as more fully described below).

In one particular aspect of the present invention, area between thefiber optics on probe tip 1 may be wholly or partially filled with anon-reflective material and/or surface (which may be a black mat,contoured or other non-reflective surface). Having such exposed area ofprobe tip 1 non-reflective helps to reduce undesired reflections,thereby helping to increase the accuracy and reliability of the presentinvention.

With reference to FIG. 3, a partial arrangement of light receiver fiberoptics and sensors used in a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention will now be described. Fibers 7 represent light receivingfiber optics, which transmit light reflected from the object beingmeasured to light sensors 8. In a preferred embodiment, sixteen sensors(two sets of eight) are utilized, although for ease of discussion only 8are illustrated in FIG. 3 (in this preferred embodiment, the circuitryof FIG. 3 is duplicated, for example, in order to result in sixteensensors). In other embodiments, other numbers of sensors are utilized inaccordance with the present invention.

Light from fibers 7 is presented to sensors 8, which in a preferredembodiment pass through filters 22 to sensing elements 24. In thispreferred embodiment, sensing elements 24 include light-to-frequencyconverters, manufactured by Texas Instruments and sold under the partnumber TSL230. Such converters constitute, in general, photo diodearrays that integrate the light received from fibers 7 and output an ACsignal with a frequency proportional to the intensity (not frequency) ofthe incident light. Without being bound by theory, the basic principleof such devices is that, as the intensity increases, the integratoroutput voltage rises more quickly, and the shorter the integrator risetime, the greater the output frequency. The outputs of the TSL230sensors are TTL or CMOS compatible digital signals, which may be coupledto various digital logic devices.

The outputs of sensing elements 24 are, in this embodiment, asynchronoussignals of frequencies depending upon the light intensity presented tothe particular sensing elements, which are presented to processor 26. Ina preferred embodiment, processor 26 is a Microchip PIC16C55 or PIC16C57microprocessor, which as described more fully herein implements analgorithm to measure the frequencies of the signals output by sensingelements 24. In other embodiments, a more integratedmicroprocessor/microcontroller, such as Hitachi's SH RISCmicrocontrollers, is utilized to provide further system integration orthe like.

As previously described, processor 26 measures the frequencies of thesignals output from sensing elements 24. In a preferred embodiment,processor 26 implements a software timing loop, and at periodicintervals processor 26 reads the states of the outputs of sensingelements 24. An internal counter is incremented each pass through thesoftware timing loop. The accuracy of the timing loop generally isdetermined by the crystal oscillator time base (not shown in FIG. 3)coupled to processor 26 (such oscillators typically are quite stable).After reading the outputs of sensing elements 24, processor 26 performsan exclusive OR (“XOR”) operation with the last data read (in apreferred embodiment such data is read in byte length). If any bit haschanged, the XOR operation will produce a 1, and, if no bits havechanged, the XOR operation will produce a 0. If the result is non-zero,the input byte is saved along with the value of the internal counter(that is incremented each pass through the software timing loop). If theresult is zero, the systems waits (e.g., executes no operationinstructions) the same amount of time as if the data had to be saved,and the looping operation continues. The process continues until alleight inputs have changed at least twice, which enables measurement of afull ½ period of each input. Upon conclusion of the looping process,processor 26 analyzes the stored input bytes and internal counterstates. There should be 2 to 16 saved inputs (for the 8 total sensors ofFIG. 3) and counter states (if two or more inputs change at the sametime, they are saved simultaneously). As will be understood by one ofskill in the art, the stored values of the internal counter containsinformation determinative of the period of the signals received fromsensing elements 24. By proper subtraction of internal counter values attimes when an input bit has changed, the period may be calculated. Suchperiods calculated for each of the outputs of sensing elements isprovided by processor 26 to microprocessor 10 (see, e.g., FIG. 1). Fromsuch calculated periods, a measure of the received light intensities maybe calculated.

It should be noted that the sensing circuitry and methodologyillustrated in FIG. 3 have been determined to provide a practical andexpedient manner in which to measure the light intensities received bysensing elements 24. In other embodiments, other circuits andmethodologies are employed (other exemplary sensing schemes aredescribed elsewhere herein).

As discussed above with reference to FIG. 1, one of fibers 7 measureslight source 11, which may be through a neutral density filter, whichserves to reduce the intensity of the received light in order maintainthe intensity roughly in the range of the other received lightintensities. Three of fibers 7 also are from perimeter receiver fiberoptics R1 to R3 (see, e.g., FIG. 2) and also may pass through neutraldensity filters. Such receiving fibers 7 serve to provide data fromwhich angle/height information and/or surface characteristics may bedetermined.

The remaining twelve fibers (of the preferred embodiment's total of 16fibers) of fibers 7 pass through color filters and are used to producethe color measurement. In a preferred embodiment, the color filters areKodak Sharp Cutting Wratten Gelatin Filters, which pass light withwavelengths greater than the cut-off value of the filter (i.e., redishvalues), and absorb light with wavelengths less than the cut-off valueof the filter (i.e., bluish values). “Sharp Cutting” filters areavailable in a wide variety of cut-off frequencies/wavelengths, and thecut-off values generally may be selected by proper selection of thedesired cut-off filter. In a preferred embodiment, the filter cut-offvalues are chosen to cover the entire visible spectrum and, in general,to have band spacings of approximately the visible band range (or otherdesired range) divided by the number of receivers/filters. As anexample, 700 nanometers minus 400 nanometers, divided by 11 bands(produced by twelve color receivers/sensors), is roughly 30 nanometerband spacing.

With an array of cut-off filters as described above, and without beingbound by theory or the specific embodiments described herein, thereceived optical spectrum may be measured/calculated by subtracting thelight intensities of “adjacent” color receivers. For example, band 1(400 nm to 430 nm)=(intensity of receiver 12) minus (intensity ofreceiver 11), and so on for the remaining bands. Such an array ofcut-off filters, and the intensity values that may result from filteringwith such an array, are more fully described in connection with FIGS.13A to 14B.

It should be noted here that in alternate embodiments other color filterarrangements are utilized. For example, “notch” or bandpass filters maybe utilized, such as may be developed using Schott glass-type filters(whether constructed from separate longpass/shortpass filters orotherwise).

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the specificcharacteristics of the light source, filters, sensors and fiber optics,etc., are normalized/calibrated by directing the probe towards, andmeasuring, a known color standard. Such normalization/calibration may beperformed by placing the probe in a suitable fixture, with the probedirected from a predetermined position (i.e., height and angle) from theknown color standard. Such measured normalization/calibration data maybe stored, for example, in a look-up table, and used by microprocessor10 to normalize or correct measured color or other data. Such proceduresmay be conducted at start-up, at regular periodic intervals, or byoperator command, etc.

What should be noted from the above description is that the receivingand sensing fiber optics and circuitry illustrated in FIG. 3 provide apractical and expedient way to determine the color by measuring theintensity of the light reflected from the surface of the object beingmeasured.

It also should be noted that such a system measures the spectral band ofthe reflected light from the object, and once measured such spectraldata may be utilized in a variety of ways. For example, such spectraldata may be displayed directly as intensity-wavelength band values. Inaddition, tristimulus type values may be readily computed (through, forexample, conventional matrix math), as may any other desired colorvalues. In one particular embodiment useful in dental applications (suchas for dental prostheses), the color data is output in the form of aclosest match or matches of dental shade guide value(s). In a preferredembodiment, various existing shade guides (such as the shade guidesproduced by Vita Zahnfabrik) are characterized and stored in a look-uptable, or in the graphics art industry Pantone color references, and thecolor measurement data are used to select the closest shade guide valueor values, which may be accompanied by a confidence level or othersuitable factor indicating the degree of closeness of the match ormatches, including, for example, what are known as ΔE values or rangesof ΔE values, or criteria based on standard deviations, such as standarddeviation minimization. In still other embodiments, the colormeasurement data are used (such as with look-up tables) to selectmaterials for the composition of paint or ceramics such as forprosthetic teeth. There are many other uses of such spectral datameasured in accordance with the present invention.

It is known that certain objects such as human teeth may fluoresce, andsuch optical characteristics also may be measured in accordance with thepresent invention. A light source with an ultraviolet component may beused to produce more accurate color/optical data with respect to suchobjects. In certain embodiments, a tungsten/halogen source (such as usedin a preferred embodiment) may be combined with a UV light source (suchas a mercury vapor, xenon or other fluorescent light source, etc.) toproduce a light output capable of causing the object to fluoresce.Alternately, a separate UV light source, combined with avisible-light-blocking filter, may be used to illuminate the object.Such a UV light source may be combined with light from a red LED (forexample) in order to provide a visual indication of when the UV light ison and also to serve as an aid for the directional positioning of theprobe operating with such a light source. A second measurement may betaken using the UV light source in a manner analogous to that describedearlier, with the band of the red LED or other supplemental light sourcebeing ignored. The second measurement may thus be used to produce anindication of the fluorescence of the tooth or other object beingmeasured. With such a UV light source, a silica fiber optic (or othersuitable material) typically would be required to transmit the light tothe object (standard fiber optic materials such as glass and plastic ingeneral do not propagate UV light in a desired manner, etc.).

As described earlier, in certain preferred embodiments the presentinvention utilizes a plurality of perimeter receiver fiber optics spacedapart from and around a central source fiber optic to measure color anddetermine information regarding the height and angle of the probe withrespect to the surface of the object being measured, which may includeother surface characteristic information, etc. Without being bound bytheory, certain principles underlying this aspect of the presentinvention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 4A to 4C.

FIG. 4A illustrates a typical step index fiber optic consisting of acore and a cladding. For this discussion, it is assumed that the corehas an index of refraction of n₀ and the cladding has an index ofrefraction of n₁. Although the following discussion is directed to “stepindex” fibers, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art thatsuch discussion generally is applicable for gradient index fibers aswell.

In order to propagate light without loss, the light must be incidentwithin the core of the fiber optic at an angle greater than the criticalangle, which may be represented as Sin⁻¹ {n₁/n₀}, where n₀ is the indexof refraction of the core and n₁ is the index of refraction of thecladding. Thus, all light must enter the fiber at an acceptance angleequal to or less than phi, with phi=2×Sin⁻¹ {√(n₀ ²−n₁ ²)}, or it willnot be propagated in a desired manner.

For light entering a fiber optic, it must enter within the acceptanceangle phi. Similarly, when the light exits a fiber optic, it will exitthe fiber optic within a cone of angle phi as illustrated in FIG. 4A.The value √(n₀ ²−n₁ ²) is referred to as the aperture of the fiberoptic. For example, a typical fiber optic may have an aperture of 0.5,and an acceptance angle of 60°.

Consider using a fiber optic as a light source. One end is illuminatedby a light source (such as light source 11 of FIG. 1), and the other isheld near a surface. The fiber optic will emit a cone of light asillustrated in FIG. 4A. If the fiber optic is held perpendicular to asurface it will create a circular light pattern on the surface. As thefiber optic is raised, the radius r of the circle will increase. As thefiber optic is lowered, the radius of the light pattern will decrease.Thus, the intensity of the light (light energy per unit area) in theilluminated circular area will increase as the fiber optic is loweredand will decrease as the fiber optic is raised.

The same principle generally is true for a fiber optic being utilized asa receiver. Consider mounting a light sensor on one end of a fiber opticand holding the other end near an illuminated surface. The fiber opticcan only propagate light without loss when the light entering the fiberoptic is incident on the end of the fiber optic near the surface if thelight enters the fiber optic within its acceptance angle phi. A fiberoptic utilized as a light receiver near a surface will only accept andpropagate light from the circular area of radius r on the surface. Asthe fiber optic is raised from the surface, the area increases. As thefiber optic is lowered to the surface, the area decreases.

Consider two fiber optics parallel to each other as illustrated in FIG.4B. For simplicity of discussion, the two fiber optics illustrated areidentical in size and aperture. The following discussion, however,generally would be applicable for fiber optics that differ in size andaperture. One fiber optic is a source fiber optic, the other fiber opticis a receiver fiber optic. As the two fiber optics are heldperpendicular to a surfaces the source fiber optic emits a cone of lightthat illuminates a circular area of radius r. The receiver fiber opticcan only accept light that is within its acceptance angle phi, or onlylight that is received within a cone of angle phi. If the only lightavailable is that emitted by the source fiber optic, then the only lightthat can be accepted by the receiver fiber optic is the light thatstrikes the surface at the intersection of the two circles asillustrated in FIG. 4C. As the two fiber optics are lifted from thesurface, the proportion of the intersection of the two circular areasrelative to the circular area of the source fiber optic increases. Asthey near the surface, the proportion of the intersection of the twocircular areas to the circular area of the source fiber optic decreases.If the fiber optics are held too close to the surface, the circularareas will no longer intersect and no light emitted from the sourcefiber optic will be received by the receiver fiber optic.

As discussed earlier, the intensity of the light in the circular areailluminated by the source fiber increases as the fiber is lowered to thesurface. The intersection of the two cones, however, decreases as thefiber optic pair is lowered. Thus, as the fiber optic pair is lowered toa surface, the total intensity of light received by the receiver fiberoptic increases to a maximal value, and then decreases sharply as thefiber optic pair is lowered still further to the surface. Eventually,the intensity will decrease essentially to zero (assuming the objectbeing measured is not translucent, as described more fully herein), andwill remain essentially zero until the fiber optic pair is in contactwith the surface. Thus, as a source-receiver pair of fiber optics asdescribed above are positioned near a surface and as their height isvaried, the intensity of light received by the receiver fiber opticreaches a maximal value at a peaking or “critical height” h_(c).

Again without being bound by theory, an interesting property of thecritical height h_(c) has been observed. The critical height h_(c) is afunction primarily of the geometry of fixed parameters, such as fiberapertures, fiber diameters and fiber spacing. Since the receiver fiberoptic in the illustrated arrangement is only detecting a maximum valueand not attempting to quantify the value, its maximum in general isindependent of the surface characteristics. It is only necessary thatthe surface reflect sufficient light from the intersecting area of thesource and receiver fiber optics to be within the detection range of thereceiver fiber optic light sensor. Thus, in general red or green or blueor any color surface will all exhibit a maximum at the same criticalheight h_(c). Similarly, smooth reflecting surfaces and rough surfacesalso will have varying intensity values at the maximal value, butgenerally speaking all such surfaces will exhibit a maximum at the samecritical height h_(c). The actual value of the light intensity will be afunction of the color of the surface and of the surface characteristics,but the height where the maximum intensity value occurs in general willnot. This is particularly true with respect to similar types orcategories of materials such as teeth, industrial objects, etc.

Although the above discussion has focused on two fiber opticsperpendicular to a surface, similar analysis is applicable for fiberoptic pairs at other angles. When a fiber optic is not perpendicular toa surface, it generally illuminates an elliptical area. Similarly, theacceptance area of a receiver fiber optic generally becomes elliptical.As the fiber optic pair is moved closer to the surface, the receiverfiber optic also will detect a maximal value at a critical heightindependent of the surface color or characteristics. The maximalintensity value measured when the fiber optic pair is not perpendicularto the surface, however, will be less than the maximal intensity valuemeasured when the fiber optic pair is perpendicular to the surface.

Referring now to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the intensity of light received as afiber optic source-receiver pair is moved to and from a surface will nowbe described. FIG. 5A illustrates the intensity of the received light asa function of time. Corresponding FIG. 5B illustrates the height of thefiber optic pair from the surface of the object being measured. FIGS. 5Aand 5B illustrate (for ease of discussion) a relatively uniform rate ofmotion of the fiber optic pair to and from the surface of the objectbeing measured (although similar illustrations/analysis would beapplicable for non-uniform rates as well).

FIG. 5A illustrates the intensity of received light as the fiber opticpair is moved to and then from a surface. While FIG. 5A illustrates theintensity relationship for a single receiver fiber optic, similarintensity relationships would be expected to be observed for otherreceiver fiber optics, such as, for example, the multiple receiver fiberoptics of FIGS. 1 and 2. In general with the preferred embodimentdescribed above, all fifteen fiber optic receivers (of fibers 7) willexhibit curves similar to that illustrated in FIG. 5A.

FIG. 5A illustrates five regions. In region 1, the probe is movedtowards the surface of the object being measured, which causes thereceived light intensity to increase. In region 2, the probe is movedpast the critical height, and the received light intensity peaks andthen falls off sharply. In region 3, the probe essentially is in contactwith the surface of the object being measured. As illustrated, thereceived intensity in region 3 will vary depending upon the translucenceof the object being measured. If the object is opaque, the receivedlight intensity will be very low, or almost zero (perhaps out of rangeof the sensing circuitry). If the object is translucent, however, thelight intensity will be quite high, but in general should be less thanthe peak value. In region 4, the probe is lifted and the light intensityrises sharply to a maximum value. In region 5, the probe is liftedfurther away from the object, and the light intensity decreases again.

As illustrated, two peak intensity values (discussed as P1 and P2 below)should be detected as the fiber optic pair moves to and from the objectat the critical height h_(c). If peaks P1 and P2 produced by a receiverfiber optic are the same value, this generally is an indication that theprobe has been moved to and from the surface of the object to bemeasured in a consistent manner. If peaks P1 and P2 are of differentvalues, then these may be an indication that the probe was not moved toand from the surface of the object in a desired manner, or that thesurface is curved or textured, as described more fully herein. In such acase, the data may be considered suspect and rejected. In addition,peaks P1 and P2 for each of the perimeter fiber optics (see, e.g., FIG.2) should occur at the same critical height (assuming the geometricattributes of the perimeter fiber optics, such as aperture, diameter andspacing from the source fiber optic, etc.). Thus, the perimeter fiberoptics of a probe moved in a consistent, perpendicular manner to andfrom the surface of the object being measured should have peaks P1 andP2 that occur at the same critical height. Monitoring receiver fibersfrom the perimeter receiver fiber optics and looking for simultaneous(or near simultaneous, e.g., within a predetermined range) peaks P1 andP2 provides a mechanism for determining if the probe is held at adesired perpendicular angle with respect to the object being measured.

In addition, the relative intensity level in region 3 serves as anindication of the level of translucency of the object being measured.Again, such principles generally are applicable to the totality ofreceiver fiber optics in the probe (see, e.g., fibers 7 of FIGS. 1 and3). Based on such principles, measurement techniques in accordance withthe present invention will now be described.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a measuring technique in accordancewith the present invention. Step 49 indicates the start or beginning ofa color/optical measurement. During step 49, any equipmentinitialization, diagnostic or setup procedures may be performed. Audioor visual information or other indicia may be given to the operator toinform the operator that the system is available and ready to take ameasurement. Initiation of the color/optical measurement commences bythe operator moving the probe towards the object to be measured, and maybe accompanied by, for example, activation of switch 17 (see FIG. 1).

In step 50, the system on a continuing basis monitors the intensitylevels for the receiver fiber optics (see, e.g., fibers 7 of FIG. 1). Ifthe intensity is rising, step 50 is repeated until a peak is detected.If a peak is detected, the process proceeds to step 52. In step 52,measured peak intensity P1, and the time at which such peak occurred,are stored in memory (such as in memory included as a part ofmicroprocessor 10), and the process proceeds to step 54. In step 54, thesystem continues to monitor the intensity levels of the receiver fiberoptics. If the intensity is falling, step 54 is repeated. If a “valley”or plateau is detected (i.e., the intensity is no longer falling, whichgenerally indicates contact or near contact with the object), then theprocess proceeds to step 56. In step 56, the measured surface intensity(IS) is stored in memory, and the process proceeds to step 58. In step58, the system continues to monitor the intensity levels of the receiverfibers. If the intensity is rising, step 58 is repeated until a peak isdetected. If a peak is detected, the process proceeds to step 60. Instep 60, measured peak intensity P2, and the time at which such peakoccurred, are stored in memory, and the process proceeds to step 62. Instep 62, the system continues to monitor the intensity levels of thereceiver fiber optics. Once the received intensity levels begin to fallfrom peak P2, the system perceives that region 5 has been entered (see,e.g., FIG. 5A), and the process proceeds to step 64.

In step 64, the system, under control of microprocessor 10, may analyzethe collected data taken by the sensing circuitry for the variousreceiver fiber optics. In step 64, peaks P1 and P2 of one or more of thevarious fiber optics may be compared. If any of peaks P1 and P2 for anyof the various receiver fiber optics have unequal peak values, then thedata may be rejected, and the entire color measuring process repeated.Again, unequal values of peaks P1 and P2 may be indicative, for example,that the probe was moved in a non-perpendicular or otherwise unstablemanner (i.e., angular or lateral movement), and, for example, peak P1may be representative of a first point on the object, while peak P2 maybe representative of a second point on the object. As the data issuspect, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, data takenin such circumstances are rejected in step 64.

If the data are not rejected in step 64, the process proceeds to step66. In step 66, the system analyzes the data taken from theneutral-density-filtered receivers from each of the perimeter fiberoptics (e.g., R1 to R3 of FIG. 2). If the peaks of the perimeter fiberoptics did not occur at or about the same point in time, this may beindicative, for example, that the probe was not held perpendicular tothe surface of the object being measured. As non-perpendicular alignmentof the probe with the surface of the object being measured may causesuspect results, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention,data taken in such circumstances are rejected in step 66. In onepreferred embodiment, detection of simultaneous or near simultaneouspeaking (peaking within a predetermined range of time) serves as anacceptance criterion for the data, as perpendicular alignment generallyis indicated by simultaneous or near simultaneous peaking of theperimeter fiber optics. In other embodiments, step 66 includes ananalysis of peak values P1 and P2 of the perimeter fiber optics. In suchembodiments, the system seeks to determine if the peak values of theperimeter fiber optics (perhaps normalized with any initial calibrationdata) are equal within a defined range. If the peak values of theperimeter fiber optics are within the defined range, the data may beaccepted, and if not, the data may be rejected. In still otherembodiments, a combination of simultaneous peaking and equal valuedetection are used as acceptance/rejection criteria for the data, and/orthe operator may have the ability (such as through key pad switches 12)to control one or more of the acceptance criteria ranges. With suchcapability, the sensitivity of the system may be controllably altered bythe operator depending upon the particular application and operativeenvironment, etc.

If the data are not rejected in step 66, the process proceeds to step68. In step 68, the data may be processed in a desired manner to produceoutput color/optical measurement data. For example, such data may benormalized in some manner, or adjusted based on temperature compensationor other data detected by the system. The data also may be converted todifferent display or other formats, depending on the intended use of thedata. In addition, the data indicative of the translucence of the objectalso may be quantified and/or displayed in step 68. After step 68, theprocess may proceed to starting step 49, or the process may beterminated, etc.

In accordance with the process illustrated in FIG. 6, three lightintensity values (P1, P2 and IS) are stored per receiver fiber optic tomake color and translucency, etc., measurements. If stored peak valuesP1 and P2 are not equal (for some or all of the receivers), this is anindication that the probe was not held steady over one area, and thedata may be rejected (in other embodiments, the data may not berejected, although the resulting data may be used to produce an averageof the measured data). In addition, peak values P1 and P2 for the threeneutral density perimeter fiber optics should be equal or approximatelyequal; if this is not the case, then this is an indication that theprobe was not held perpendicular or a curved surface is being measured.In other embodiments, the system attempts to compensate for curvedsurfaces and/or non-perpendicular angles. In any event, if the systemcannot make a color/optical measurement, or if the data is rejectedbecause peak values P1 and P2 are unequal to an unacceptable degree,then the operator is notified so that another measurement or otheraction may be taken (such as adjust the sensitivity).

With a system constructed and operating as described above,color/optical measurements may be taken of an object, with accepted datahaving height and angular dependencies removed. Data not taken at thecritical height, or data not taken with the probe perpendicular to thesurface of the object being measured, etc., are rejected in a preferredembodiment of the present invention. In other embodiments, data receivedfrom the perimeter fiber optics may be used to calculate the angle ofthe probe with respect to the surface of the object being measured, andin such embodiments non-perpendicular or curved surface data may becompensated instead of rejected. It also should be noted that peakvalues P1 and P2 for the neutral density perimeter fiber optics providea measure of the luminance (gray value) of the surface of the objectbeing measured, and also may serve to quantify the color value.

The translucency of the object being measured may be quantified as aratio or percentage, such as, for example, (IS/P1)×100%. In otherembodiments, other methods of quantifying translucency data provided inaccordance with the present invention are utilized, such as some otherarithmetic function utilizing IS and P1 or P2, etc.

In another particular aspect of the present invention, data generated inaccordance with the present invention may be used to implement anautomated material mixing/generation machine. Certain objects/materials,such as dental prostheses, are made from porcelain or otherpowders/materials that may be combined in the correct ratios to form thedesired color of the object/prosthesis. Certain powders often containpigments that generally obey Beer's law and/or act in accordance withKubelka-Munk equations and/or Saunderson equations (if needed) whenmixed in a recipe. Color and other data taken from a measurement inaccordance with the present invention may be used to determine orpredict desired quantities of pigment or other materials for the recipe.Porcelain powders and other materials are available in different colors,opacities, etc. Certain objects, such as dental prostheses, may belayered to simulate the degree of translucency of the desired object(such as to simulate a human tooth). Data generated in accordance withthe present invention also may be used to determine the thickness andposition of the porcelain or other material layers to more closelyproduce the desired color, translucency, surface characteristics, etc.In addition, based on fluorescence data for the desired object, thematerial recipe may be adjusted to include a desired quantity offluorescing-type material. In yet other embodiments, surfacecharacteristics (such as texture) information (as more fully describedherein) may be used to add a texturing material to the recipe, all ofwhich may be carried out in accordance with the present invention.

For more information regarding such pigment-material recipe typetechnology, reference may be made to: “The Measurement of Appearance,”Second Edition, edited by Hunter and Harold, copyright 1987; “Principlesof Color Technology,” by Billmeyer and Saltzman, copyright 1981; and“Pigment Handbook,” edited by Lewis, copyright 1988. All of theforegoing are believed to have been published by John Wiley & Sons,Inc., New York, N.Y., and all of which are hereby incorporated byreference.

In certain operative environments, such as dental applications,contamination of the probe is of concern. In certain embodiments of thepresent invention, implements to reduce such contamination are provided.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate a protective cap that may be used to fit overthe end of probe tip 1. Such a protective cap consists of body 80, theend of which is covered by optical window 82, which in a preferredembodiment consists of a structure having a thin sapphire window. In apreferred embodiment, body 80 consists of stainless steel. Body 80 fitsover the end of probe tip 1 and may be held into place by, for example,indentations formed in body 80, which fit with ribs 84 (which may be aspring clip or other retainer) formed on probe tip 1. In otherembodiments, other methods of affixing such a protective cap to probetip 1 are utilized. The protective cap may be removed from probe tip 1and sterilized in a typical autoclave, hot steam, chemiclave or othersterilizing system.

The thickness of the sapphire window should be less than the criticalheight of the probe in order to preserve the ability to detect peakingin accordance with the present invention, and preferably has a thicknessless than the minimal height at which the source/receiver cones overlap(see FIGS. 4B and 4C). It also is believed that sapphire windows may bemanufactured in a reproducible manner, and thus any light attenuationfrom one cap to another may be reproducible. In addition, any distortionof the color/optical measurements produced by the sapphire window may becalibrated out by microprocessor 10.

Similarly, in other embodiments body 80 has a cap with a hole in thecenter (as opposed to a sapphire window), with the hole positioned overthe fiber optic source/receivers. The cap with the hole serves toprevent the probe from coming into contact with the surface, therebyreducing the risk of contamination. It should be noted that, with suchembodiments, the hole is positioned so that light from/to the lightsource/receiver elements of the probe tip is not adversely affected bythe cap.

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate another embodiment of a removable probe tipthat may be used to reduce contamination in accordance with the presentinvention. As illustrated in FIG. 8A, probe tip 88 is removable, andincludes four (or a different number, depending upon the application)fiber optic connectors 90, which are positioned within optical guard 92.Optical guard 92 serves to prevent “cross talk” between adjacent fiberoptics. As illustrated in FIG. 8B, in this embodiment removable tip 88is secured in probe tip housing 92 by way of spring clip 96 (otherremovable retaining implements are utilized in other embodiments). Probetip housing 92 may be secured to base connector 94 by a screw or otherconventional fitting. It should be noted that, with this embodiment,different size tips may be provided for different applications, and thatan initial step of the process may be to install the properly-sized (orfitted tip) for the particular application. Removable tip 88 also may besterilized in a typical autoclave, hot steam, chemiclave or othersterilizing system, or disposed of. In addition, the entire probe tipassembly is constructed so that it may be readily disassembled forcleaning or repair. In certain embodiments the light source/receiverelements of the removable tip are constructed of glass, silica orsimilar materials, thereby making them particularly suitable forautoclave or similar high temperature/pressure cleaning methods, whichin certain other embodiments the light source/receiver elements of theremovable tip are constructed of plastic or other similar materials,which may be of lower cost, thereby making them particularly suitablefor disposable-type removable tips, etc.

In still other embodiments, a plastic, paper or other type shield (whichmay be disposable, cleanable/reusable or the like) may be used in orderto address any contamination concerns that may exist in the particularapplication. In such embodiments, the methodology may includepositioning such a shield over the probe tip prior to takingcolor/optical measurements, and may include removing anddisposing/cleaning the shield after taking color/optical measurements,etc.

With reference to FIG. 9, a tristimulus embodiment of the presentinvention will now be described. In general, the overall system depictedin FIG. 1 and discussed in detail elsewhere herein may be used with thisembodiment. FIG. 9 illustrates a cross section of the probe tip fiberoptics used in this embodiment.

Probe tip 100 includes central source fiber optic 106, surrounded by(and spaced apart from) three perimeter receiver fiber optics 104 andthree color receiver fiber optics 102. Three perimeter receiver fiberoptics 104 are optically coupled to neutral density filters and serve asheight/angle sensors in a manner analogous to the embodiment describeabove. Three color receiver fiber optics are optically coupled tosuitable tristimulus filters, such as red, green and blue filters. Withthis embodiment, a measurement may be made of tristimulus color valuesof the object, and the process described with reference to FIG. 6generally is applicable to this embodiment. In particular, perimeterfiber optics 104 may be used to detect simultaneous peaking or otherwisewhether the probe is perpendicular to the object being measured. Inaddition, taking color measurement data at the critical height also maybe used with this embodiment.

FIG. 10A illustrates an embodiment of the present invention, similar tothe embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 9. Probe tip 100includes central source fiber optic 106, surrounded by (and spaced apartfrom) three perimeter receiver fiber optics 104 and a plurality of colorreceiver fiber optics 102. The number of color receiver fiber optics102, and the filters associated with such receiver fiber optics 102, maybe chosen based upon the particular application. As with the embodimentof FIG. 9, the process described with reference to FIG. 6 generally isapplicable to this embodiment.

FIG. 10B illustrates an embodiment of the present invention in whichthere are a plurality of receiver fiber optics that surround centralsource fiber optic 240. The receiver fiber optics are arranged in ringssurrounding the central source fiber optic. FIG. 10B illustrates threerings of receiver fiber optics (consisting of fiber optics 242, 244 and246, respectively), in which there are six receiver fiber optics perring. The rings may be arranged in successive larger circles asillustrated to cover the entire area of the end of the probe, with thedistance from each receiver fiber optic within a given ring to thecentral fiber optic being equal (or approximately so). Central fiberoptic 240 is utilized as the light source fiber optic and is connectedto the light source in a manner similar to light source fiber optic 5illustrated in FIG. 1.

The plurality of receiver fiber optics are each coupled to two or morefiber optics in a manner similar to the arrangement illustrated in FIG.1 for splicing connector 4. One fiber optic from such a splicingconnector for each receiver fiber optic passes through a neutral densityfilter and then to light sensor circuitry similar to the light sensorcircuitry illustrated in FIG. 3. A second fiber optic from the splicingconnector per receiver fiber optic passes through a Sharp CuttingWrattan Gelatin Filter and then to light sensor circuitry as discussedelsewhere herein. Thus, each of the receiver fiber optics in the probetip includes both color measuring elements and neutral light measuringor “perimeter” elements.

FIG. 10D illustrates the geometry of probe 260 (such as described above)illuminating an area on flat diffuse surface 272. Probe 260 createslight pattern 262 that is reflected diffusely from surface 272 inuniform hemispherical pattern 270. With such a reflection pattern, thereflected light that is incident upon the receiving elements in theprobe will be equal (or nearly equal) for all elements if the probe isperpendicular to the surface as described above herein.

FIG. 10C illustrates a probe illuminating rough surface 268 or a surfacethat reflects light spectrally. Spectral reflected light will exhibithot spots or regions where the reflected light intensity is considerablygreater than it is on other areas. The reflected light pattern will beuneven when compared to a smooth surface as illustrate in FIG. 10D.

Since a probe as illustrated in FIG. 10B has a plurality of receiverfiber optics arranged over a large surface area, the probe may beutilized to determine the surface texture of the surface as well asbeing able to measure the color and translucency, etc., of the surfaceas described earlier herein. If the light intensity received by thereceiver fiber optics is equal for all fiber optics within a given ringof receiver fiber optics, then generally the surface is diffuse andsmooth. If, however, the light intensity of receiver fibers in a ringvaries with respect to each other, then generally the surface is roughor spectral. By comparing the light intensities measured within receiverfiber optics in a given ring and from ring to ring, the texture andother characteristics of the surface may be quantified.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention in whichlinear optical sensors and a color gradient filter are utilized insteadof light sensors 8 (and filters 22, etc.). Receiver fiber optics 7,which may be optically coupled to probe tip 1 as with the embodiment ofFIG. 1, are optically coupled to linear optical sensor 112 through colorgradient filter 110. In this embodiment, color gradient filter 110 mayconsist of series of narrow strips of cut-off type filters on atransparent or open substrate, which are constructed so as topositionally correspond to the sensor areas of linear optical sensor112. An example of a commercially available linear optical sensor 112 isTexas Instruments part number TSL213, which has 61 photo diodes in alinear array. Light receiver fiber optics 7 are arranged correspondinglyin a line over linear optical sensor 112. The number of receiver fiberoptics may be chosen for the particular application, so long as enoughare included to more or less evenly cover the full length of colorgradient filter 110. With this embodiment, the light is received andoutput from receiver fiber optics 7, and the light received by linearoptical sensor 112 is integrated for a short period of time (determinedby the light intensity, filter characteristics and desired accuracy).The output of linear array sensor 112 is digitized by ADC 114 and outputto microprocessor 116 (which may the same processor as microprocessor 10or another processor).

In general, with the embodiment of FIG. 11, perimeter receiver fiberoptics may be used as with the embodiment of FIG. 1, and in general theprocess described with reference to FIG. 6 is applicable to thisembodiment.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention in which amatrix optical sensor and a color filter grid are utilized instead oflight sensors 8 (and filters 22, etc.). Receiver fiber optics 7, whichmay be optically coupled to probe tip 1 as with the embodiment of FIG.1, are optically coupled to matrix optical sensor 122 through filtergrid 120. Filter grid 120 is a filter array consisting of a number ofsmall colored spot filters that pass narrow bands of visible light.Light from receiver fiber optics 7 pass through corresponding filterspots to corresponding points on matrix optical sensor 122. In thisembodiment, matrix optical sensor 122 may be a monochrome optical sensorarray, such as CCD-type or other type of light sensor element such asmay be used in a video camera. The output of matrix optical sensor 122is digitized by ADC 124 and output to microprocessor 126 (which may thesame processor as microprocessor 10 or another processor). Under controlof microprocessor 126, matrix optical sensor 126 collects data fromreceiver fiber optics 7 through color filter grid 120.

In general, with the embodiment of FIG. 12, perimeter receiver fiberoptics may be used as with the embodiment of FIG. 1, and in general theprocess described with reference to FIG. 6 also is applicable to thisembodiment.

As will be clear from the foregoing description, with the presentinvention a variety of types of spectral color/optical photometers (ortristimulus-type colorimeters) may be constructed, with perimeterreceiver fiber optics used to collect color/optical data essentiallyfree from height and angular deviations. In addition, in certainembodiments, the present invention enables color/optical measurements tobe taken at a critical height from the surface of the object beingmeasured, and thus color/optical data may be taken without physicalcontact with the object being measured (in such embodiments, thecolor/optical data is taken only by passing the probe through region 1and into region 2, but without necessarily going into region 3 of FIGS.5A and 5B). Such embodiments may be utilized if contact with the surfaceis undesirable in a particular application. In the embodiments describedearlier, however, physical contact (or near physical contact) of theprobe with the object may allow all five regions of FIGS. 5A and 5B tobe utilized, thereby enabling measurements to be taken such thattranslucency information also may be obtained. Both types of embodimentsgenerally are within the scope of the invention described herein.

Additional description will now be provided with respect to cut-offfilters of the type described in connection with the preferredembodiment(s) of FIGS. 1 and 3 (such as filters 22 of FIG. 3). FIG. 13Aillustrates the properties of a single Kodak Sharp Cutting WrattenGelatin Filter discussed in connection with FIG. 3. Such a cut-offfilter passes light below a cut-off frequency (i.e., above a cut-offwavelength). Such filters may be manufactured to have a wide range ofcut-off frequencies/wavelengths. FIG. 13B illustrates a number of suchfilters, twelve in a preferred embodiment, with cut-offfrequencies/wavelengths chosen so that essentially the entire visibleband is covered by the collection of cut-off filters.

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate exemplary intensity measurements using acut-off filter arrangement such as illustrated in FIG. 13B, first in thecase of a white surface being measured (FIG. 14A), and also in the caseof a blue surface being measured (FIG. 14B). As illustrated in FIG. 14A,in the case of a white surface, the neutrally filtered perimeter fiberoptics, which are used to detect height and angle, etc., generally willproduce the highest intensity (although this depends at least in partupon the characteristics of the neutral density filters). As a result ofthe stepped cut-off filtering provided by filters having thecharacteristics illustrated in FIG. 13B, the remaining intensities willgradually decrease in value as illustrated in FIG. 14A. In the case of ablue surface, the intensities will decrease in value generally asillustrated in FIG. 14B. Regardless of the surface, however, theintensities out of the filters will always decrease in value asillustrated, with the greatest intensity value being the output of thefilter having the lowest wavelength cut-off value (i.e., passes allvisible light up to blue), and the lowest intensity value being theoutput of the filter having the highest wavelength cut-off (i.e., passesonly red visible light). As will be understood from the foregoingdescription, any color data detected that does not fit the decreasingintensity profiles of FIGS. 14A and 14B may be detected as anabnormality, and in certain embodiments detection of such a conditionresults in data rejection, generation of an error message or initiationof a diagnostic routine, etc.

Reference should be made to the FIGS. 1 and 3 and the relateddescription for a detailed discussion of how such a cut-off filterarrangement may be utilized in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating audio tones that may be used incertain preferred embodiments of the present invention. It has beendiscovered that audio tones (such as tones, beeps, voice or the likesuch as will be described) present a particularly useful and instructivemeans to guide an operator in the proper use of a color measuring systemof the type described herein.

The operator may initiate a color/optical measurement by activation of aswitch (such as switch 17 of FIG. 1) at step 150. Thereafter, if thesystem is ready (set-up, initialized, calibrated, etc.), alower-the-probe tone is emitted (such as through speaker 16 of FIG. 1)at step 152. The system attempts to detect peak intensity P1 at step154. If a peak is detected, at step 156 a determination is made whetherthe measured peak P1 meets the applicable criteria (such as discussedabove in connection with FIGS. 5A, 5B and 6). If the measured peak P1 isaccepted, a first peak acceptance tone is generated at step 160. If themeasured peak P1 is not accepted, an unsuccessful tone is generated atstep 158, and the system may await the operator to initiate a furthercolor/optical measurement. Assuming that the first peak was accepted,the system attempts to detect peak intensity P2 at step 162. If a secondpeak is detected, at step 164 a determination is made whether themeasured peak P2 meets the applicable criteria. If the measured peak P2is accepted the process proceeds to color calculation step 166 (in otherembodiments, a second peak acceptance tone also is generated at step166). If the measured peak P2 is not accepted, an unsuccessful tone isgenerated at step 158, and the system may await the operator to initiatea further color/optical measurement. Assuming that the second peak wasaccepted, a color/optical calculation is made at step 166 (such as, forexample, microprocessor 10 of FIG. 1 processing the data output fromlight sensors 8, etc.). At step 168, a determination is made whether thecolor calculation meets the applicable criteria. If the colorcalculation is accepted, a successful tone is generated at step 170. Ifthe color calculation is not accepted, an unsuccessful tone is generatedat step 158, and the system may await the operator to initiate a furthercolor/optical measurement.

With unique audio tones presented to an operator in accordance with theparticular operating state of the system, the operator's use of thesystem may be greatly facilitated. Such audio information also tends toincrease operator satisfaction and skill level, as, for example,acceptance tones provide positive and encouraging feedback when thesystem is operated in a desired manner.

Further embodiments of the present invention will now be described withreference to FIGS. 16-18. The previously described embodiments generallyrely on movement of the probe with respect to the object being measured.While such embodiments provide great utility in many applications, incertain applications, such as robotics, industrial control, automatedmanufacturing, etc. (such as positioning the object and/or the probe tobe in proximity to each other, detecting color/optical properties of theobject, and then directing the object, e.g., sorting, based on thedetected color/optical properties, for further industrial processing,packaging, etc.) it may be desired to have the measurement made with theprobe held or positioned substantially stationary above the surface ofthe object to be measured (in such embodiments, the positioned probe maynot be handheld as with certain other embodiments).

FIG. 16 illustrates such a further embodiment. The probe of thisembodiment includes a plurality of perimeter sensors and a plurality ofcolor sensors coupled to receivers 312-320. The color sensors andrelated components, etc., may be constructed to operate in a manneranalogous to previously described embodiments. For example, fiber opticcables or the like may couple light from source 310 that is received byreceivers 312-320 to sharp cut-off filters, with the received lightmeasured over precisely defined wavelengths (see, e.g., FIGS. 1, 3 and11-14 and related description). Color/optical characteristics of theobject may be determined from the plurality of color sensormeasurements, which may include three such sensors in the case of atristimulus instrument, or 8, 12, 15 or more color sensors for a morefull bandwidth system (the precise number may be determined by thedesired color resolution, etc.).

With this embodiment, a relatively greater number of perimeter sensorsare utilized (as opposed, for example, to the three perimeter sensorsused in certain preferred embodiments of the present invention). Asillustrated in FIG. 16, a plurality of triads of receivers 312-320coupled to perimeter sensors are utilized, where each triad in thepreferred implementation consists of three fiber optics positioned equaldistance from light source 310, which in the preferred embodiment is acentral light source fiber optic. The triads of perimeterreceivers/sensors may be configured as concentric rings of sensorsaround the central light source fiber optic. In FIG. 16, ten such triadrings are illustrated, although in other embodiments a lesser or greaternumber of triad rings may be utilized, depending upon the desiredaccuracy and range of operation, as well as cost considerations and thelike.

The probe illustrated in FIG. 16 may operate within a range of heights(i.e., distances from the object being measured). As with earlierembodiments, such height characteristics are determined primarily by thegeometry and constituent materials of the probe, with the spacing of theminimal ring of perimeter sensors determining the minimal height, andthe spacing of the maximal ring of perimeter sensors determining themaximum height, etc. It therefore is possible to construct probes ofvarious height ranges and accuracy, etc., by varying the number ofperimeter sensor rings and the range of ring distances from the centralsource fiber optic. It should be noted that such embodiments may beparticularly suitable when measuring similar types of materials, etc.

As described earlier, the light receiver elements for the plurality ofreceivers/perimeter sensors may be individual elements such as TexasInstruments TSL230 light-to-frequency converters, or may be constructedwith rectangular array elements or the like such as may be found in aCCD camera. Other broadband-type of light measuring elements areutilized in other embodiments. Given the large number of perimetersensors used in such embodiments (such as 30 for the embodiment of FIG.16), an array such as CCD camera-type sensing elements may be desirable.It should be noted that the absolute intensity levels of light measuredby the perimeter sensors is not as critical to such embodiments of thepresent invention; in such embodiments differences between the triads ofperimeter light sensors are advantageously utilized in order to obtainoptical measurements.

Optical measurements may be made with such a probe byholding/positioning the probe near the surface of the object beingmeasured (i.e., within the range of acceptable heights of the particularprobe). The light source providing light to light source 310 is turnedon and the reflected light received by receivers 312-320 (coupled to theperimeter sensors) is measured. The light intensity of the rings oftriad sensors is compared. Generally, if the probe is perpendicular tothe surface and if the surface is flat, the light intensity of the threesensors of each triad should be approximately will be equal. If theprobe is not perpendicular to the surface or if the surface is not flat,the light intensity of the three sensors within a triad will not beequal. It is thus possible to determine if the probe is perpendicular tothe surface being measured, etc. It also is possible to compensate fornon-perpendicular surfaces by mathematically adjusting the lightintensity measurements of the color sensors with the variance inmeasurements of the triads of perimeters sensors.

Since the three sensors forming triads of sensors are at differentdistances (radii) from central light source 310, it is expected that thelight intensities measured by light receivers 312-320 and the perimetersensors will vary. For any given triad of sensors, as the probe is movedcloser to the surface, the received light intensity will increase to amaximum and then sharply decrease as the probe is moved closer to thesurface. As with previously-described embodiments, the intensitydecreases rapidly as the probe is moved less than the critical heightand decreases rapidly to zero or almost zero for opaque objects. Thevalue of the critical height depends principally upon the distance ofthe particular receiver from light source 310. Thus, the triads ofsensors will peak at different critical heights. By analyzing thevariation in light values received by the triads of sensors, the heightof the probe can be determined. Again, this is particularly true whenmeasuring similar types of materials.

The system initially is calibrated against a neutral background (e.g., agray background), and the calibration values are stored in non-volatilememory (see, e.g., processor 10 of FIG. 1). For any given color orintensity, the intensity for the receivers/perimeter sensors(independent of distance from the central source fiber optic) in generalshould vary equally. Hence, a white surface should produce the highestintensities for the perimeter sensors, and a black surface will producethe lowest intensities. Although the color of the surface will affectthe measured light intensities of the perimeter sensors, it shouldaffect them substantially equally. The height of the probe from thesurface of the object, however, will affect the triads of sensorsdifferently. At the minimal height range of the probe, the triad ofsensors in the smallest ring (those closest to the source fiber optic)will be at or about their maximal value. The rest of the rings of triadswill be measuring light at intensities lower than their maximal values.As the probe is raised/positioned from the minimal height, the intensityof the smallest ring of sensors will decrease and the intensity of thenext ring of sensors will increase to a maximal value and will thendecrease in intensity as the probe is raised/positioned still further.Similarly for the third ring, fourth ring and so on. Thus, the patternof intensities measured by the rings of triads will be height dependent.In such embodiments, characteristics of this pattern may be measured andstored in non-volatile RAM look-up tables (or the like) for the probe bycalibrating it in a fixture using a neutral color surface. Again, theactual intensity of light is not as important in such embodiments, butthe degree of variance from one ring of perimeter sensors to another is.

To determine a measure of the height of the probe from the surface beingmeasured, the intensities of the perimeter sensors (coupled to receivers312-320) is measured. The variance in light intensity from the innerring of perimeter sensors to the next ring and so on is analyzed andcompared to the values in the look-up table to determine the height ofthe probe. The determined height of the probe with respect to thesurface thus may be utilized by the system processor to compensate forthe light intensities measured by the color sensors in order to obtainreflectivity readings that are in general independent of height. As withpreviously described embodiments, the reflectivity measurements may thenbe used to determine optical characteristics of the object beingmeasured, etc.

It should be noted that audio tones, such as previously described, maybe advantageously employed when such an embodiment is used in a handheldconfiguration. For example, audio tones of varying pulses, frequenciesand/or intensities may be employed to indicate the operational status ofthe instrument, when the instrument is positioned within an acceptablerange for color measurements, when valid or invalid color measurementshave been taken, etc. In general, audio tones as previously describedmay be adapted for advantageous use with such further embodiments.

FIG. 17 illustrates a further such embodiment of the present invention.The preferred implementation of this embodiment consists of a centrallight source 310 (which in the preferred implementation is a centrallight source fiber optic), surrounded by a plurality of light receivers322 (which in the preferred implementation consists of three perimeterlight receiver fiber optics). The three perimeter light receiver fiberoptics, as with earlier described embodiments, may be each spliced intoadditional fiber optics that pass to light intensity receivers/sensors,which may be implemented with Texas Instruments TSL230 light tofrequency converters as described previously. One fiber of eachperimeter receiver is coupled to a sensor and measured full band width(or over substantially the same bandwidth) such as via a neutral densityfilter, and other of the fibers of the perimeter receivers are coupledto sensors so that the light passes through sharp cut off or notchfilters to measure the light intensity over distinct frequency ranges oflight (again, as with earlier described embodiments). Thus there arecolor light sensors and neutral “perimeter” sensors as with previouslydescribed embodiments. The color sensors are utilized to determine thecolor or other optical characteristics of the object, and the perimetersensors are utilized to determine if the probe is perpendicular to thesurface and/or are utilized to compensate for non-perpendicular angleswithin certain angular ranges.

In the embodiment of FIG. 17, the angle of the perimeter sensor fiberoptics is mechanically varied with respect to the central source fiberoptic. The angle of the perimeter receivers/sensors with respect to thecentral source fiber optic is measured and utilized as describedhereinafter. An exemplary mechanical mechanism, the details of which arenot critical so long as desired, control movement of the perimeterreceivers with respect to the light source is obtained, is describedwith reference to FIG. 18.

The probe is held within the useful range of the instrument (determinedby the particular configuration and construction, etc.), and a colormeasurement is initiated. The angle of the perimeter receivers/sensorswith respect to the central light source is varied from parallel topointing towards the central source fiber optic. While the angle isbeing varied, the intensities of the light sensors for the perimetersensors (e.g., neutral sensors) and the color sensors is measured andsaved along with the angle of the sensors at the time of the lightmeasurement. The light intensities are measured over a range of angles.As the angle is increased the light intensity will increase to a maximumvalue and will then decrease as the angle is further increased. Theangle where the light values is a maximum is utilized to determine theheight of the probe from the surface. As will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art based on the teachings provided herein, with suitablecalibration data, simple geometry may be utilized to calculate theheight based on the data measured during variation of the angle. Theheight measurement may then be utilized to compensate for the intensityof the color/optical measurements and/or utilized to normalize colorvalues, etc.

FIG. 18 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a mechanical arrangementto adjust and measure the angle of the perimeter sensors. Each perimeterreceiver/sensor 322 is mounted with pivot arm 326 on probe frame 328.Pivot arm 326 engages central ring 332 in a manner to form a cammechanism. Central ring 332 includes a groove that holds a portion ofpivot arm 326 to form the cam mechanism. Central ring 332 may be movedperpendicular with respect to probe frame 328 via linear actuator 324and threaded spindle 330. The position of central ring 332 with respectto linear actuator 324 determines the angle of perimeterreceivers/sensors 322 with respect to light source 310. Such angularposition data vis-a-vis the position of linear actuator 324 may becalibrated in advance and stored in non-volatile memory, and later usedto produce color/optical characteristic measurement data as previouslydescribed.

A further embodiment of the present invention utilizing an alternateremovable probe tip will now be described with reference to FIGS.19A-19C. As illustrated in FIG. 19A, this embodiment utilizes removable,coherent light conduit 340 as a removable tip. Light conduit 340 is ashort segment of a light conduit that preferably may be a fused bundleof small fiber optics, in which the fibers are held essentially parallelto each other, and the ends of which are highly polished. Cross-section350 of light conduit 340 is illustrated in FIG. 19B. Light conduitssimilar to light conduit 340 have been utilized in what are known asborescopes, and also have been utilized in medical applications such asendoscopes.

Light conduit 340 in this embodiment serves to conduct light from thelight source to the surface of the object being measured, and also toreceive reflected light from the surface and conduct it to lightreceiver fiber optics 346 in probe handle 344. Light conduit 340 is heldin position with respect to fiber optics 346 by way or compression jaws342 or other suitable fitting or coupled that reliably positions lightconduit 340 so as to couple light effectively to/from fiber optics 346.Fiber optics 346 may be separated into separate fibers/light conduits348, which may be coupled to appropriate light sensors, etc., as withpreviously described embodiments.

In general, the aperture of the fiber optics used in light conduit 340may be chosen to match the aperture of the fiber optics for the lightsource and the light receivers. Thus, the central part of the lightconduit may conduct light from the light source and illuminate thesurface as if it constituted a single fiber within a bundle of fibers.Similarly, the outer portion of the light conduit may receive reflectedlight and conduct it to light receiver fiber optics as if it constitutedsingle fibers. Light conduit 340 has ends that preferably are highlypolished and cut perpendicular, particularly the end coupling light tofiber optics 346. Similarly, the end of fiber optics 346 abutting lightconduit 340 also is highly polished and cut perpendicular to a highdegree of accuracy in order to minimize light reflection and cross talkbetween the light source fiber optic and the light receiver fiber opticsand between adjacent receiver fiber optics. Light conduit 340 offerssignificant advantages including in the manufacture and installation ofsuch a removable tip. For example, the probe tip need not beparticularly aligned with the probe tip holder; rather, it only needs tobe held against the probe tip holder such as with a compressionmechanism (such as with compression jaws 342) so as to couple lighteffectively to/from fiber optics 346. Thus, such a removable tipmechanism may be implemented without alignment tabs or the like, therebyfacilitating easy installation of the removable probe tip. Such an easyinstallable probe tip may thus be removed and cleaned prior toinstallation, thereby facilitating use of the color/optical measuringapparatus by dentists, medical professions or others working in anenvironment in which contamination may be a concern. Light conduit 340also may be implemented, for example, as a small section of lightconduit, which may facilitate easy and low cost mass production and thelike.

A further embodiment of such a light conduit probe tip is illustrated aslight conduit 352 in FIG. 19C. Light conduit 352 is a light conduit thatis narrower on one end (end 354) than the other end (end 356).Contoured/tapered light conduits such as light conduit 352 may befabricated by heating and stretching a bundle of small fiber optics aspart of the fusing process. Such light conduits have an additionalinteresting property of magnification or reduction. Such phenomenaresult because there are the same number of fibers in both ends. Thus,light entering narrow end 354 is conducted to wider end 356, and sincewider end 356 covers a larger area, it has a magnifying affect.

Light conduit 352 of FIG. 19C may be utilized in a manner similar tolight conduit 340 (which in general may be cylindrical) of FIG. 19A.Light conduit 352, however, measures smaller areas because of itsreduced size at end 354. Thus, a relatively larger probe body may bemanufactured where the source fiber optic is spaced widely, from thereceiver fiber optics, which may provide an advantage in reduced lightreflection and cross talk at the junction, while still maintaining asmall probe measuring area. Additionally, the relative sizes of narrowend 354 of light conduit 352 may be varied. This enables the operator toselect the size/characteristic of the removable probe tip according tothe conditions in the particular application. Such ability to selectsizes of probe tips provides a further advantage in making opticalcharacteristics measurements in a variety of applications and operativeenvironments.

As should be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of thedisclosures herein, light conduits 340 and 356 of FIGS. 19A and 19C neednot necessarily be cylindrical/tapered as illustrated, but may be curvedsuch as for specialty applications, in which a curved probe tip may beadvantageously employed (such as in a confined or hard-to-reach place).It also should be apparent that light conduit 352 of FIG. 19C may bereversed (with narrow end 354 coupling light into fiber optics 346,etc., and wide end 356 positioned in order to take measurements) inorder to cover larger areas.

Additionally, and to emphasize the wide utility and variability ofvarious of the inventive concepts and techniques disclosed herein, itshould be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of thedisclosures herein that the apparatus and methodology may be utilized tomeasure the optical properties of objects using other optical focusingand gathering elements, in addition to the fiber optics employed inpreferred embodiments herein. For example, lenses or mirrors or otheroptical elements may also be utilized to construct both the light sourceelement and the light receiver element. A flashlight or other commonlyavailable light source, as particular examples, may be utilized as thelight source element, and a common telescope with a photoreceiver may beutilized as the receiver element in a large scale embodiment of theinvention. Such refinements utilizing teachings provided herein areexpressly within the scope of the present invention.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, certain refinements maybe made in accordance with the present invention. For example, a centrallight source fiber optic is utilized in certain preferred embodiments,but other light source arrangements (such as a plurality of light sourcefibers, etc.). In addition, lookup tables are utilized for variousaspects of the present invention, but polynomial type calculations couldsimilarly be employed. Thus, although various preferred embodiments ofthe present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes,those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications,additions and/or substitutions are possible without departing from thescope and spirit of the present invention as disclosed in the claims.

Reference is also made to copending international application filed oneven date herewith under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, for “Apparatusand Method for Measuring Optical Characteristics of Teeth,” by theinventors hereof, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

1. A method for determining optical characteristics of an object,comprising the steps of: providing light to the object from one or morelight sources, and receiving light from the object through one or morelight receivers, wherein the one or more light sources and one or morelight receivers define at least one minimal height, wherein below theminimal height light that is reflected from a surface of the object isnot propagated by the one or more light receivers, wherein the light isprovided to the object and received from the object through a protectivebarrier having a thickness, wherein the thickness is less than theminimal height; measuring the intensity of light received and propagatedby one of the one or more light receivers; determining the opticalcharacteristics of the object based in response to one or more intensitymeasurements.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least twomeasurements are taken, wherein the optical characteristics includecolor characteristics and translucence characteristics.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein at least one measurement is taken below the minimalheight.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein light received and propagatedby the one of the one or more light receivers is coupled to one or morelight-to-frequency converter elements, wherein the intensity of light ina plurality of spectral bands or of a plurality of wavelengths ismeasured by coupling signals from the one or more light-to-frequencyconverter elements to a processing element.
 5. The method of claim 4,wherein the intensity of light in the plurality of spectral bands or ofa plurality of wavelengths is measured by reading a plurality of outputsignals from the one or more light-to-frequency converter elements atperiodic time intervals via a timing loop.
 6. The method of claim 5,wherein the timing loop is implemented via software.
 7. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the light is coupled to a plurality oflight-to-frequency converter elements via a plurality of filterelements.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the filter elements comprisebandpass filters.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the protectivebarrier comprises a disposable shield.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein a calibration measurement is taken through the protectivebarrier, wherein the optical characteristics are determined based ondata generated by the calibration measurement.
 11. The method of claim1, wherein one or more sensors are coupled to the one or more lightreceivers, wherein the one or more sensors produce data indicative of aphysical position with respect to the object.
 12. The method of claim11, wherein, based on the data indicative of the physical position withrespect to the object data from the one or more intensity measurementsare selectively accepted, rejected or compensated.
 13. The method ofclaim 1, wherein data indicative of the optical characteristics of theobject are output in the form of a closest match or matches to one ormore shade values.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein data indicative ofthe optical characteristics of the object are output in the form of arecipe of materials.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the recipe ofmaterials is used to produce a second object having opticalcharacteristics corresponding to optical characteristics of the object.16. The method of claim 14, wherein the recipe of materials comprisesone or more materials containing one or more pigments.
 17. The method ofclaim 1, wherein data indicative of the optical characteristics of theobject are selectively output in the form of a closest match or matchesto one or more shade values or in the form of a recipe of materials. 18.The method of claim 17, wherein the recipe of materials is used toproduce a second object having optical characteristics corresponding tooptical characteristics of the object.
 19. The method of claim 1,wherein audio feedback is provided to an operator, wherein the audiofeedback conveys information indicative of the status of the opticalcharacteristics determination process.
 20. The method of claim 1,wherein the object comprises a dental object, wherein at least twomeasurements are taken and data indicative of color characteristics andtranslucence characteristics are generated, wherein data indicative ofthe optical characteristics of the object are selectively output in theform of a closest match or matches to one or more shade values or in theform of a recipe of materials, wherein the recipe of materials is usedto produce a second object having optical characteristics correspondingto optical characteristics of the object.